In 2017 an academic review of 25 studies carried out over a period of 20 years into the efficacy and safety of CBD oil did not identify any significant side effects. These studies covered a range of doses including acute and chronic regimes and looked at various methods of ingestion.

CBD oil is approved throughout Europe and there is now comprehensive knowledge of its metabolism, toxicology and safety. Typically, the standard dose of CBD oil is 10mg. In clinical studies doses of up to 1200mg for 30 days showed no negative side effects during the trial period. At very high doses, in excess of 2000mg per day (the equivalent of roughly 10 bottles of CBD tincture), CBD may cause dizziness, headache, anxiety, appetite suppression, drowsiness, fever, diarrhoea, irregular or increased heart rate and jitteriness. Such symptoms are rare and will fade after a few hours.

In 2019 a University of Kansas study on mice showed the lethal dose of CBD oil which would kill over 50% of recipients. Testing in mice showed that an amount equivalent to 2460mg per Kg of body weight was a lethal dose due to liver failure. The equivalent lethal dose for an average human being (62Kg) would be around 152,520mg of CBD which is roughly equivalent to drinking about 9 litres of CBD tincture.

Medical marijuana has been shown to reduce substance abuse disorders in patients addicted to methamphetamines, nicotine, opioids and alcohol and CBD on its own has shown promising results for nicotine addiction, marijuana dependency and methamphetamine addiction.

Since 2013 Dr. F. D'Ambrosio has been using medical marijuana for the treatment of opioid, benzodiazepine and alcohol addiction. He has successfully treated over 10,000 patients.

A 2018 study showed that CBD reduced the motivation of rats to self-administer methamphetamine and that rats relapsed into methamphetamine-seeking behaviour when CBD was withdrawn.

In October 2017 the National Institute on Drug Abuse reported the first heroin addict to become completely "clean" through CBD treatment. A number of studies have shown that medical marijuana helps with recovery from Opioid Use Disorder including reduced use and abuse of opioids, fewer incidents of hospitalisation, fewer traffic fatalities and overdose deaths.

Studies into the use of CBD in conjunction with alcohol have shown positive results. A 2013 study showed that rats administered with CBD and alcohol showed NO alcohol induced neurodegeneration.

CBD has also been demonstrated, in a 2013 study, to eliminate the withdrawal symptoms associated with cannabis dependency.

The human body is a complex system of chemical processes and reactions including the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is a complex process between fatty acid-based chemicals which act as a signal or key, the receptors into which these fatty acids fit like a lock and the various enzymes which produce and break those chemicals down. In the process, endocannabinoid chemicals act on brain and immune system receptors(CB1 & CB2) using the same compounds that are found in cannabis: CBD and THC

Whether CBD can help with weight loss has been debated for many years. However, research into the effects of CDB on immature fat cells (preadipocytes) published by Korean researchers in the peer-reviewed, scientific journal Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry found that CBD:

1. Stimulates genes and proteins which improve the breakdown and oxidation (burning) of fat.
2. Increases both the activity and numbers of mitochondria, the parts of the cell which burn calories.
3. Reduces the activity of proteins involved in fat cell generation or lipogenisis.

These three positive effects are the result of CBD inducing "fat browning" or the conversion of white adipose tissue (WAT), which acts a an energy store, to brown or beige adipose tissue (BAT), which burns energy.

Research on animals has previously shown that increasing BAT improves glucose tolerance (increasing resistance to diabetes and a number of blood lipid abnormalities). Additionally, CBD also acts on other factors such as sleep, chronic pain, stress and anxiety which may affect weight gain or loss.

Cannabis has a long history of recreational, ritualistic and medicinal use over thousands of years. The medicinal use of cannabis over this time has resulted in many claims being made for the substance. It has also led to the claim that cannabis can cure cancer. There is no evidence to support this claim.

In 2017 the Academy of Science of the United States reviewed over 10,000 studies and found there was evidence that cannabis was effective in controlling pain and spasm associated with multiple sclerosis. THC was also found to be effective in reducing nausea associated with chemotherapy and a synthetic derivative of THC, dronabinol, has been available on prescription for this purpose for many years. However, there was no evidence that cannabis helped cure cancer.

Recent evidence indicates that CBD oil may treat some of the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease such as sleep disorder, psychosis and impaired movement by the effects of CBD oil on the body's Endocannabinoid System. The main Endocannabinoid receptors in the human body are called CB1 and CB2 receptors. When CBD binds to these receptors it helps the brain produce increased levels of dopamine which is known to reduce the effects of Parkinson's Disease.

A study in 2017 indicated that CBD blocks a brain receptor GPR6 which is known to cause movement disorders in people with Parkinson's Disease.

Whilst CBD is not a cure for Parkinson's Disease the use of CBD may help:

1. Improve sleep
2. Reduce psychosis
3. Produce anti-inflammatory effects
4. Act as a neuroprotector

CBD oil works though its effects on the endocannabinoid system in the human body and this system affects the signs of ageing in the skin. CBD oil contains anti-oxidants which help reduce the free radicals which cause the signs of ageing.

Anti-oxidants are available in a variety of food supplements, especially those high in vitamins C and E. CBD oil is a potent source of anti-oxidants and contains active terpenes, flavonoids and cannabinoids.

CBD is a natural compound and not generally associated with adverse side effects. Full spectrum CBD contains trace amounts of THC but insufficient to cause impairment and CBD isolate contains no THC.

CBD is known to aid sleep and may cause drowsiness in high doses. It is also true that any individual may have an adverse reaction to some substances. It is therefore sensible to begin with a small dose and gradually increase the dosage for the desired effect without bringing on drowsiness.

No known fatal dose of CDB has ever been reported and cannabidiol is known to be non-toxic. It has been reported that even very high doses (up to 1,500mg/day) are well tolerated by people.

The Department of Health and Human Sciences have stated that "no signs of toxicity or serious side effects have been observed following chronic (over a long period) administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers (Cunha et al., Pharmacology 21:127-185, 1980) including the use of high dosage at 700mg/day (Consroe et al., Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Behaviour, 40:701-708, 1991)

No, we don't provide any medical advice. Our products are CBD health food supplements and as with all dietary supplements you should consult your doctor before taking them.

Yes.

CBD oil influences a brain chemical signalling system called the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS system is made up of a number of chemical receptors found in the brain, central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system and natural cannabinoids found in the human body called endocannabinoids.

The ECS system is part of the body's natural recovery mechanisms and produces endocannabinoids which interact throughout the body in response to stress, illness and disease.

Due to disease or stress there may be too little endocannabinoids in the body and this is linked to disease and chronic health conditions. The body's natural cannabinoids are quickly broken down nby enzymes. Taking CBD supplements blocks the enzymes which break down the endocannabinoids resulting in a greater concentration of endocannabinoids which help restore balance in the body.

CBD is better adsorbed into the blood stream from under the tongue (sub-lingual) than via the stomach. The longer the CBD oil is held under the tongue the better the adsorption into the bloodstream.

Between 30 seconds to 1 minute would be ideal for the treatment of anxiety, pain and insomnia. Swallowing CBD after a shorter period in the mouth may reduce the amount entering the bloodstream but may benefit the stomach and gastrointestinal tract and aid digestion.

CBD oil is a fat soluble, hydrophobic chemical meaning it hates water, does not mix well and does not dissolve in water. This means water-based drinks are of little worth unless you happen to like the taste.

There are many claims made by CBD oil users and manufacturers but CBD is NOT a miracle cure which will guarantee perfect health. CBD oil is useful and helpful as part of a healthy regime including healthy eating, exercise, restful sleep and good stress management.

Clinical studies have shown CBD oil to be most effective for pain, anxiety and some form of seizure. All other claims are presently anecdotal and not yet backed up by scientific studies.

It is important to stress that CBD oil is a supplement and a useful addition to other healthy living activities. When first trying CBD oil it is important to find the correct dosage and this should be determined by gradual increments over a period of one to two weeks. It should also be noted that CBD does not work for everyone.

CBD oil is a supplement to healthy living, not substitute.

Our products are CBD health food supplements they are not intended to cure or treat any medical conditions.

The answer is neither is ultimately better than the other and will depend on individual taste and preference.

CBD is best absorbed by the body sub-lingually (below the tongue) and buccally (through the cheeks and mouth.)

When CBD is swallowed it is subject to metabolism by the liver reducing the amount of CBD in the blood.

CBD has been produced as a nano-emulsified product which allows for higher absorption in the stomach and this process has been used for gummies and gel caps. These products are more expensive than CBD oil and the absorption rate in the stomach is still erratic.

In the end it may come down to personal taste and preference but the research backs up the use of cheaper CBD oil over gummies and gels.

There are no contra-indications for the use of CBD with either alcohol or caffeine.

Alcohol is a natural depressant and CDB helps to counterbalance this effect.

It has been suggested that CBD may slightly lower blood alcohol levels.

Terpenes and terpenoids are volatile aromatic chemicals found in the essential oils of many plants from pine trees to cannabis and produce the signature smell of the plant. Terpenes are what gives "skunk" cannabis its strong fragrance. There are over 455 terpenes identified in the cannabis plant.

Terpenes and terpenoids are produced in the same cannabis plant glands that produce CBD and THC.

Within the plant, terpenes are used both to protect against predators and to attract pollinators. A variety of factors influence the production of terpenes including weather, soil conditions, age of the plant and climatic conditions.

Terpenes are long, complex, repeating isoprene molecules and terpenoids are a slightly modified version of terpenes. The structure of these molecules makes them both volatile and combustible.

As a result of their volatility and combustibility, traditional smoking methods result in these molecules being largely burned away or lost to the surrounding air.

To get the most out of terpenes it is better to use a vaporising method rather than smoking. In vaporisation the cannabis is heated to a lower temperature which releases the terpenes without burning them and results in higher concentrations of CBD, THC and terpenes in the vapour.

Terpenes react with other phytocannabinoids such as THC and CBD in a variety of different ways and can bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors in the brain and result in the different "high" experience from different strains of cannabis: producing either a calming or energetic high.

Terpenes have been shown to alter the brain's neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, altering the production and destruction of the compounds, their movement around the brain and the availability of brain receptors which react to serotonin and dopamine.

The variety of terpenes is huge and the effects reported range from relieving stress to helping aid focus. One terpene, mycene may produce a sleepy, tired response whilst limonene may induce a feeling of happiness.

A number of laboratories now test for terpenes allowing consumers to choose the product best suited to them.

It should be noted that CBD oil is NOT a cure all and is not equally effective in all people. CBD oil has been used in the following ways:

• Pain relief
• Relief of nervous disorders
• Weight loss
• Skin conditions
• Seizures
• Symptoms of Parkinson's Diseas
• Dementia
• ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
• IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)
• Fibromyalgia

As stated, CBD oil is not a cure all and is not similarly effective for all people. CBD oil is effective against a number of symptoms in a variety of conditions and the best explored effects are in relation to:

• Pain relief
• Reduction of inflammation
• Calming effects
• Relief of muscle spasm

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a pytocannabinoid and is one of 113 cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. CBD was first identified in the 1940s and makes up about 40% of cannabis extracts. CBD is the most medically active constituent among the various cannabinoids.

The uses of CBD are many and the substance has been used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory with many people using it to treat pain, inflammation, stress and anxiety as well as improving sleep and cognition. CBD has also been shown to improve skin health, act as an anti-aging compound and can treat acne.

Cannabidiol can be adsorbed by the body in a variety of ways, the most effective being through smoke or vapour inhalation, sub-lingually (below the tongue) and buccally (via the inside of the cheek.) It is also available as cremes, patches and pills.

CBD oil may be supplied as pure CBD containing no THC or terpenes or as a full plant CBD-rich cannabis extract.

Cannabidiol is related to THC (the psycho-active ingredient of marijuana) but is non-psychoactive and legal.

The "Entourage Effect" is the enhanced effect of using full-spectrum or whole plant CBD oil. Full spectrum CBD contains not only cannabidiol but also terpenes, other cannabinoids, phytochemicals and a small trace (~0.2%) of THC. The very small trace of THC will not produce any "high" effect but, together with terpenes and other ingredients enhances the overall effect of CBD and improves the anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety and mind-focussing effects of CBD.

In short, you will use less of a high potency CBD product to produce the same effect but the needs of each person will differ so it is by trial and error that you will find the dosage suitable to your needs.

It is common to start with a low dosage and titrate up to discover what you need.

Normally when CBD is taken sublingually (below the tongue) it will take about 20 minutes to get into your system. When CBD is taken for the first time it is probable you will notice effects within the 20 minutes. The immediate effects are subtle but may include increased mental clarity, a calming effect and may aid sleep if taken just before bedtime.

CBD does build up in the system over time so it may take from a few days to a month before you experience the full effects and significant results.

It may also take a little time to determine what the correct dose is for you and it is sensible to begin with a low dosage and gradually increase this over time until the desired effect is achieved.

In addition, you may find it beneficial to take CBD two or three times a day.

Yes, of course.

All reputable CBD companies must provide you with a laboratory report for their CBD products, we're no different. You'll find all of our laboratory reports in our downloads section.

buducan™ Active CBD products are available at all good Nisa and Nisa local stores, as well as lots of local independent retailers.

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